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Microtox is an in vitro testing system which uses bioluminescent bacteria (''Vibrio fischeri'') to detect toxic substances in different substrates such as water, air, soils and sediments.〔 “ETV Joint Verification Statement” EPA Environmental Technology Verification Program. EPA. Retrieved 22 May 2014.〕 ''Vibrio fischeri'' are non-pathogenic, marine, bacteria that luminesce as a natural part of their metabolism.〔(“Microtox 500: Industry-leading toxicity testing” ), N.D. Retrieved on 28 May 2014〕 When exposed to a toxic substance, the respiratory process of the bacteria is disrupted, reducing light output.〔 ''Vibrio fischeri'' have demonstrated high sensitivity across a wide variety of toxic substances. Response to toxicity is observed as a change in luminescence, which is a by-product of cellular respiration.〔 This change can be used to calculate a percent inhibition of ''Vibrio fischeri'' that directly correlates to toxicity.〔 == Background == Microtox was developed by Azur Environmental (formerly Microbics Corporation) in 1979 as a cost effective alternative to toxicity tests available at the time.〔(“Microtox SOLO Manual” N.D. Retrieved 23 May 2014 )〕〔Marking LL, Kimerle RA (1979). “Use of Luminescent Bateria for Determining Toxicity in Aquatic Environments”. American Society for Testing and Materials: ASTM STP 667:98-106 ()〕 Prior to Microtox, the majority of toxicity tests available for water specifically focused on fish and daphnids.〔〔 Since its inception, Microtox has become a standard method for testing the toxicity of water as well as other substrates such as soils and sediments.〔〔(“Microtox for sediment testing.” SDIX. 2010. Retrieved 23 May 2014 )〕〔“How to use the Microtox Acute Toxicity Test to perform an In-House Toxicity Reduction Evaluation (TRE)” SDIX. 2006 Retrieved 23 May 2014. ()〕 In recent years the Microtox technology and name have undergone various different ownerships. In 2011, Microtox and related technologies was acquired by Modern Water from Strategic Diagnostics Incorporated (SDIX) for approximately $4.5 million.〔“MODERN WATER ACQUIRES SDIX WATER QUALITY BUSINESS, INCLUDING MICROTOX” Modern Water. 2011. Retrieved 23 May 2014. ()〕 Prior to SDIX, Microtox was owned by its original developers Azur Environmental.〔 Microtox utilizes a bioluminescent bacteria (''Vibrio fischeri'') to determine the toxicity of a particular substance and/or substrate.〔〔 During cellular metabolism, these bacteria naturally emit light as a part of cellular respiration, which can be measured as luminescence.〔 When exposed to toxic substances, a decrease in luminescence can be observed and percent change in luminescence can be directly correlated to toxicity.〔 ''Vibrio fischeri'' were specifically chosen, as these bacteria could be preserved by freeze-drying to increase shelf life and use.〔 Both solid phase (soils and sediment) and aqueous chronic or acute toxicity testing (described below) can be conducted using this technology.〔 Mutatox is another similar bioassay approach that uses bioluminescent bacteria to determine genotoxicity.〔Kroon AGM, Mullem AV. “Mutatox Test” Aquasense. N.D. Retrieved 22 May 2014. ()〕 Mutatox differs from Microtox in that a dark variant form of '' Vibrio fischeri'' is used to determine toxicological effects. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Microtox bioassay」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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